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| 邓去世后中国政治体制研究
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| 时间：2005/09/22 出处： |
The Chinese Communist Party established the People’s Republic of China in
1949, a single system country. Since the largest population group of
multiracial Mainland China was the Han people, dominating over the 55 other
minority groups living as the scattered villages type in Mainland China ,
under China’s single system government, the country was divided into “
Central – province” and Central – autonomous region”. The return of Hong
Kong and Macau to China’s rule resulted in the creation of a new division, “
Central-special administrative region”.
China is governed by the proletariat, a socialist nation whose democratic
dictatorship is founded on the alliance of workers and farmers. Pursuant to
the current Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, all the power of
the republic rest on the people, and the people exercise their national
authority through the respective people’s congress. China’s national people’
s congress (Congress and administration Integration) system is different from
the democratic parliamentarism of Europe and the US that is embodied by a
system of mutually checking and balancing three government branches. It is
also different from the Soviet system of the Russian Soviet Republic.
Furthermore, China also has a political consultative conference system. Under
the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, the government conducts a
consultative conference with the various political parties, civic organizations
, minority groups, and social representatives regarding major national
policies. It is the only nation in the world to exercise such a system.
The Chinese Communist Party is the vanguard of the Chinese proletariat. It
represents the proletariat, and has a long-term single party dictatorship.
The party leads the government and the military. If we were to review China’
s government from the totalitarian autocracy of Mao Ze-Dong’s regime to the
authoritative government of Jiang Ze-Min’s regime through the democratic
political angle, even it’s better than before, however, there still has no
substantial improvement has been made. Furthermore, under the present world
political trend, where democracy, rule of law, and human rights have become
the mainstream politics, China remains to be a society where the party takes
precedence over law and popular politics takes priority over rule of law. If
the government does not speed up reforming of its old system, then in time, it
would be buried under the torrent of democracy.
In 1978, Deng Xiao-Ping dismissed the Hua Gao-Feng and brought the Communist
Party into the Deng Xiao-Ping era. Deng Xiao-Ping’s fundamental national
policy was a policy of “leftist politics, but rightist economy”. In
political theory, it upheld the highest political guiding principle of the “4
insistences”. On the economic side, he implemented reforms and deregulations,
as well as permit partial private ownership; however, politically, despite
Zhao Zi-Yang’s “party-state separation and authority delegation” proposed
during the 13th National People’s Congress, it was a failure. The failure
forced Zhao Zi-Yang to resign from his position. In an effort to consolidate
political power, Deng Xiao-Ping implemented several reform measures. The
effort had two major accomplishments. For one, it prevented the concentration
of power under a single person. The collective leadership wherein power was
delegated replaced the “single dictator” rule of Mao Ze-Dong. For another,
Deng used administrative reforms to improve the administrative efficiency of
the government. In 1990, since the ascension of leadership cored on Jiang Ze-
Min, China has been implementing a policy of strict politics but lax
economics. Then in 1998, Chu Rong-Ji executed the largest-scale government
office reforms, however, it still didn’t touch any of political mechanism
reform.
Over two decades of reforms, deregulation, and economic development, China’s
national income (GDP per capita) in 2000 exceeded USD800. Generally speaking,
national living standards were uplifted from the poverty level, and have
reached the well-fixed standard. China’s economic system was also transformed
from the programmed economy to the market economy, and in order to cope with
this economic system reform, it became imperative for the Chinese Communist
Party to reform the political system. The general concern of Chinese and
foreign scholars alike, is whether it would be possible for China to have a
democratic political system.
US scholar Harry Harding believed that China’s authority has already evolved
into the consultative authoritative political system. In other words, it has
become imperative for the Chinese authorities to pay attention to public
opinion. The major changes that the Chinese authorities underwent during the
past twenty years were undeniable. First, they abandoned the past dogma of
Marxism and Leninism ideological thought and concentrated on economic
development. Thereafter, they opted for science and engineering educated
fourth generation leaders for ascension. Although, these technocrat officials
pursued efficiency, they also run the nation actively and pragmatically.
However, whether they would be able to take China towards the road of
democracy remains the big question, thus is something that would have to be
determined in time.
Following the “three representatives” party membership regulation and
granting of party membership to private enterprises passed in the 16th
National People’s Congress, the Chinese Communist Party evolved from a
proletariat party to a national party; it has departed from the revolutionary
party of the political establishment period to become a ruling party.
Moreover, there are still more factors that would affect the political
development of the Chinese Communist Party in the future; such as, the
continuing growth of the middle-class population as a result of the economic
development and their demand for more political participation. Chinese
authorities are currently faced with the problems of imbalance rural and urban
development, widening rich-poor gap, worsening government corruption, and the
central government’s ineffective control over local governments. These
problems will force the Chinese Communist Party to face political reforms and
move towards democratization. |
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